Note ID | Start Time (US/Mountain) | End Time (US/Mountain) | Entrant | Note |
22295 |
27 Jun 2022 @ 0835 |
--- |
MAB |
Little W vent blips visible even when Constant is full not just when Constant is low |
21493 |
25 May 2022 @ 1023 |
--- |
Graham |
Small gravel area close to the bench is sputtering cyclicly. Increases during Constant pushes and stops about 15 minutes later. |
16945 |
28 Apr 2021 @ 0930 |
28 Apr 2021 @ 1135 |
MAB |
Full of debris - tiny blips from vent visible when Constant isn't flooding it |
12871 |
29 Jul 2019 @ 1000 |
--- |
MAB |
Observations throughout the day show Little Whirligig's vent with vigorous bubbles, strong palpitations and concentric waves... during the low point of Constant's refill cycle, ie about 10 min post Constant with no water flowing down the ramp |
10030 |
04 Sep 2018 @ 1007 |
--- |
novakg |
To my eye, it looks like Little Whirligig has more sand and gravel in it along the Contant runoff area. |
8608 |
09 Jun 2018 @ 1500 |
--- |
novakg |
Scratches in the bacterial mat. |
1179 |
07 Jul 2014 @ 1200 |
07 Jul 2014 @ 1800 |
JSJ |
Intermittent, very low & very small burbling/bubbling. Observed during the afternoon of 7 July 2014. |
4851 |
20 Aug 1985 @ 1800 |
--- |
research-mab |
8/20/1985 Little Whirligig Geyser = 152º- relatively cool. Geyser-dormant. In the last half week in Porcelain Basin I have not seen even the faintest stir in the pools water. Geyser-dormant. |
7622 |
11 Feb 1984 @ 1800 |
--- |
research-mab |
02/11/1984 Little Whirligig Geyser - Dormant. Snow in basin. |
4757 |
11 Jun 1982 @ 1200 |
--- |
research-mab |
6/11/1982 Naturalist Orientation tour:
Big Whirligig overflows, put, put put
B. Whirlie – gen 3-10 min when active, interval 30-40 min to 1 hr
Little Whirlie - like constant, sometimes every 30 sec, 20 min to 1 hr for series
{BRACKET AROUND BOTH, ABOVE: Most years 1 is active, 1 dormant – apparently both dormant this year} |
4616 |
23 Sep 1980 @ 1800 |
--- |
research-mab |
LITTLE WHIRLIGIG 9/23/1980 Geyser Gazer Grover S observed The Whirligigs alternating eruptions |
4612 |
21 Sep 1980 @ 1800 |
--- |
research-mab |
9/21/1980: Little Whirligig came out of dormancy today! Perhaps with eruptions out of Big so frequently, Big decided to share some of its water. Lil’ Whirli ie at 1611, quit approx 12 min later |
4602 |
09 Sep 1980 @ 0000 |
--- |
research-mab |
9/9/1980 Little Whirligig – Dormant. Vent filled with water from Constant. 108ºF |
4601 |
30 Aug 1980 @ 0000 |
--- |
research-mab |
8/30/1980 Lil Whirligig has been dormant the last few days |
4600 |
27 Aug 1980 @ 1415 |
--- |
research-mab |
No time August 27, 1980
Again today Valentine looks like a huge fumerole. Guardian is also steaming.
Big Whirligig has been very active today erupting at 1330 and again at 1415, for an interval of 45 minutes. The chugging noise could be heard at the museum. It looks like near by Little Whirligig has become dormant. |
4597 |
15 Aug 1980 @ 0000 |
--- |
research-mab |
Little Whirligig was drained and inactive all day. |
4596 |
14 Aug 1980 @ 0900 |
--- |
research-mab |
(No time given- 1st log entry 8/14) Little Whirligig erupted emptied and refilled never letting big Whirligig in on the action |
4595 |
12 Aug 1980 @ 1335 |
--- |
research-mab |
08/12/1980 NOTE Little Whirligig times for an hour, varying heights – about every 2m |
5080 |
22 Jun 1980 @ 1800 |
--- |
research-mab |
06/22/1980 Little Whirligig erupted for 47 minutes bursting 25 times. Initial bursts occurred every 1 ½ minutes. After 10 bursts the interval increased to 2 min. By the 20th burst intervals were as long as 3m45seconds. The last of Little Wirligig’s eruption was the grand finale. Bursts occurred frequently until it was going continuously. Finally Constant erupted using the last of Little Wirligig’s hot water. At the end of the eruption Big Wirligig re-filled, but hasn’t been seen in eruption yet this year. |
4976 |
09 Jun 1980 @ 1650 |
--- |
research-mab |
06/09/1980 TIME:1650 Little Whirligig series full data: 1544:20, 1546:05, 1547:24, 1548:44, 1550:04, 1551:25, 1552:48, 1554:00 (w/Constant 1554:25), 1555:22, 1556:58, 1558:14, 1559:36, 1600:55, 1602:30, 1603:58, 1605:25, 1606:32, 1609:07, 1611:48, 1614:29, 1617:46, 1620:25, 1623:53, 1627:26, 1627:59 (No drain), 1638:08, 1647:47, 1641:19, 1646:52, 1647:47, 1648:17, 1648:47, 1649:47 (Then drained) |
5069 |
05 Oct 1979 @ 1800 |
--- |
research-mab |
10/05/1979 The Whirligigs performing in dual, strong eruptions seems to be the present pattern. |
5061 |
23 Aug 1979 @ 1800 |
--- |
research-mab |
08/23/1979 Little wirligig erupted then Big Wirligig filled… Big Wirligig SAT there for 15 minutes but never went so little wirligig began to refill. Constant erupted and shortly thereafter so did Big Wirligig. Oh well – made into a liar again by Geysers.
{no times in log} |
5055 |
07 Aug 1979 @ 1020 |
--- |
research-mab |
08/07/1979 one hour between Big Whirly and Little Whirly erupt
Big Whirly erupted 17 minutes after Little Whirligig’s eruption
Little Wirligig erupted before the pool filled. Water reached about 2’ from the vent when the continuous, weak, short eruption occurred. |
5049 |
21 Jul 1979 @ 1100 |
--- |
research-mab |
07/21/1979 Time between end of Little Whirligigs eruption and beginning of Big wirligig: 42 minutes. Big Wirligig had a long eruption of 10 minutes at 1033, When Little Wirligig erupted following the “big” of Big Wirligig, it was weak and only reached 10’ in height. |
5038 |
19 Jul 1979 @ 1800 |
--- |
research-mab |
07/19/1979 Little Whirligig had an unusual eruption immediately preceding a heavy Africa surge. Its bursts were continuous at about normal height, then it stopped when Africa started in earnest. |
5033 |
13 Jul 1979 @ 1030 |
--- |
research-mab |
07/13/1979 Little Whirligig appears to be getting higher (bursts up to 22’) |
5027 |
10 Jul 1979 @ 1800 |
--- |
research-mab |
NOTE 07/10/1979 The wirligigs [sic] made a lier [sic] out of me today. Big wirligig [sic] erupted for 10 minutes instead of 3-4min.
Little wirligig [sic] erupted for 10 minutes. This was shorter than previous times of 16 min. There was a 38 minute wait between Little wirligig’s [sic] eruption compared to last weeks wait of 6 minutes. |
20601 |
05 Jul 1979 @ 1259 |
--- |
research-mab |
07/05/1979 Chart in 1979 Log – maths don’t add up – times entered in GT are not necessarily those by the log entrant - see attachment
https://live.staticflickr.com/65535/51722344421_7eddb3b9f2_4k.jpg |
5009 |
25 May 1979 @ 1800 |
--- |
research-mab |
05/25/1979 Little Whirligig – occasionally active with many bursts – approx 30 sec. Apart lasts 5-10 min. temp 182 at vent during eruption. |
5333 |
24 Jul 1978 @ 1415 |
--- |
research-mab |
07/24/1978 3:00 pm Walk – 1400 hrs. Geysers seen in eruption during hour:
Little Whirligig ~ 1415 first observed since 7/4/78
Big Whirligig 2X
Splutter Pot
Primrose Sp.
Constant 2x
Dark cavern many times
Africa
Fireball
Moxie
Blue
Iris Spring
Porcelain Springs |
4966 |
01 Apr 1978 @ 1800 |
--- |
research-mab |
04/01/1978 Little Whirligig seems to have been active all day – was jetting water whenever it was seen. |
5293 |
31 Aug 1976 @ 1136 |
31 Aug 1976 @ 1815 |
research-mab |
08/31/1976 Little Whirligig has been active about every 15 min. (Still erupting 1815) - {see complete text of disturbance note under "Whirligig 1830"} |
5533 |
26 Jun 1976 @ 1400 |
26 Jun 1976 @ 1430 |
research-mab |
06/26/1976 Little Whirligig has gone bananas! Between ~2:00 – 2:30 the features sent blasts of water (approx 18-20 hi max) into the air over 100 times. Ave interval between blasts = 15-17 sec.
Big Whirligig erupted shortly after L.W. stopped at 1435 |
5526 |
30 May 1976 @ 1800 |
--- |
research-mab |
05/30/1976 Water fills in throat of Little Whirligig prior to an eruption of Big Whirligig. |
5688 |
09 Sep 1975 @ 1800 |
--- |
research-mab |
09/09/1975 All eruptions of Little Whirligig that I’ve observed in the last few days have been very similar. All last approx 6 min. Water ejected is milky gray, beginning to diminish the orange iron deposits. Burst[s] occur in rapid succession at the beginning of the eruption but are separated by several seconds by the end. |
5854 |
19 Sep 1974 @ 1800 |
--- |
research-mab |
09/19/1974
Little Whirligig appears to be doing the same today as it did yesterday. |
5852 |
18 Sep 1974 @ 1800 |
--- |
research-mab |
09/18/1974
Big Whirligig would fill – would remain filled 15-20 min. L.W. would then begin erupting – after about 5 min B.W. would drain. L.W. would continue – B.W. was not observed in eruption all day. |
5794 |
28 Aug 1974 @ 1840 |
--- |
research-mab |
08/28/1974 Constant – Completely dry at 1840 – L.W. was wet - had apparently been erupting. |
5762 |
15 Aug 1974 @ 1800 |
--- |
research-mab |
08/15/1974 Little W – gray clay in crater but dry. |
5751 |
14 Aug 1974 @ 1800 |
--- |
research-mab |
08/14/1974 Big Whirligig – Became muddier as the day progressed – L.W. was not seen in eruption today (at least in p.m.) |
5755 |
14 Aug 1974 @ 1800 |
--- |
research-mab |
08/14/1974 Little W – cold & dry. New channel from Constant leads into LW |
5744 |
30 Jul 1974 @ 1800 |
--- |
research-mab |
07/30/1974 Whirligigs Water is milky blue, depositing pale gray sediment in LW crater and runoff. Water of Constant is clear. {disturbance note all day} |
5742 |
28 Jul 1974 @ 1800 |
--- |
research-mab |
07/28/1974 BW & LW – Big has been very active today – only one observation of LW {no time noted}– very short eruption; appears that we may be losing Little W. |
5722 |
08 Jul 1974 @ 1800 |
--- |
research-mab |
07/08/1974 Whirligigs = same pattern as last 2 days, except LW seen erupting 1540 – finished 1602 (Big W dry) |
5710 |
18 Jun 1974 @ 1800 |
--- |
research-mab |
06/18/1974 {1800 in log } Just before leaving I noticed weird happenings down @ L&B Whirligig. Both were in eruption simultaneously & Little had drained quite a bit so that the red-orange colors was really vivid due to the iron oxides being bared. Big’s eruption consisted of a grayish-milky water while Little’s was still clear. Both continued in eruption together for about 30 minutes until I left. A mean thunderstorm caught about 20 people out there. Will be interesting to see what transpires @ B & L Whirligig tomorrow!
Just as I’m, leaving I notice L& B Whirligig are both “dried” & drained & Constant is erupting up to about 5’. |
6197 |
01 Oct 1973 @ 1700 |
--- |
research-mab |
10/01/1973
Porcelain Basin 5:00 pm
Little W stopping frequently for 20-30 min |
6193 |
28 Sep 1973 @ 1500 |
--- |
research-mab |
09/28/1973 1500 Little W appear to be draining very frequently (less than a two hour interval for period of 20-30 min) |
6185 |
26 Sep 1973 @ 1500 |
--- |
research-mab |
09/26/1973 Porcelain 3pm
Little Whirligig draining frequently 1-2 hr.
When Little W. drains, Big fills, but does not erupt, then when Little W. starts again, Big drains. |
6180 |
23 Sep 1973 @ 1800 |
--- |
research-mab |
09/23/1973 1800 L Whirligig drained. |
6172 |
20 Sep 1973 @ 1100 |
--- |
research-mab |
09/20/1973 1100 L. Whirligig drained |
6155 |
17 Sep 1973 @ 1045 |
--- |
research-mab |
09/17/1973 Little Whirligig was drained at 1045… 5:35pm |
6148 |
16 Sep 1973 @ 1512 |
--- |
research-mab |
09/16/1973 Little Whirligig was noticed drained at the following times: 10:21 A.M., 3:12 P.M. |
6146 |
16 Sep 1973 @ 1021 |
--- |
research-mab |
09/16/1973 Little Whirligig was noticed drained at the following times: 10:21 A.M., 3:12 P.M. |
6218 |
12 Sep 1973 @ 1748 |
--- |
research-mab |
09/12/1973 1748 Little Whirligig drained |
6221 |
12 Sep 1973 @ 1720 |
--- |
research-mab |
09/12/1973 1720 Little Whirligig noticed drained |
6219 |
12 Sep 1973 @ 1135 |
--- |
research-mab |
09/12/1973 1135 Little Whirligig noticed already drained. |
6220 |
12 Sep 1973 @ 1035 |
--- |
research-mab |
09/12/1973 1035 Little Whirligig observed already drained |
6134 |
10 Sep 1973 @ 1551 |
--- |
research-mab |
09/10/1973
3:48 - Little W draining ~ 3:51 Little W drained. |
6131 |
10 Sep 1973 @ 1521 |
--- |
research-mab |
09/10/1973
3:21 Little Whirligig drained |
6130 |
09 Sep 1973 @ 1948 |
--- |
research-mab |
09/09/1973
7:48 Big W. drained – Little continued. |
6127 |
09 Sep 1973 @ 1235 |
--- |
research-mab |
09/09/1973
1235 Little Whirligig drained |
6125 |
09 Sep 1973 @ 0956 |
--- |
research-mab |
09/09/1973
9:56 L Whirligig drained, Big W markers gone. |
6122 |
08 Sep 1973 @ 1820 |
--- |
research-mab |
09/08/1973
6:20 Little Whirligig noticed to be drained ~ marker gone from Big W (at least twice Big W has filled perhaps erupted) |
6120 |
08 Sep 1973 @ 1652 |
--- |
research-mab |
09/08/1973
4:52 Little Whirligig drained. Big’s marker gone -runoff into Big filled its vent a bit then it drained somewhat marker replaced |
6119 |
08 Sep 1973 @ 0800 |
--- |
research-mab |
09/08/1973 Little Whirligig cloudy.
{morning observation-no time} |
6116 |
07 Sep 1973 @ 0955 |
--- |
research-mab |
09/07/1973 Both BW + LW stopped 9:55 |
6226 |
06 Sep 1973 @ 1900 |
06 Sep 1973 @ 2000 |
research-mab |
09/06/1973 ~7:00-8:00 Little W erupting. |
6227 |
06 Sep 1973 @ 2000 |
--- |
research-mab |
09/06/1973 8:00 pm Little W. drained. |
6236 |
06 Sep 1973 @ 1845 |
--- |
research-mab |
09/06/1973 6:45 marker placed in runoff channel of Big Whirligig – Little Whirligig still going. |
6235 |
06 Sep 1973 @ 1827 |
--- |
research-mab |
09/06/1973 6:27 Little Whirligig filling |
6233 |
06 Sep 1973 @ 1727 |
--- |
research-mab |
09/06/1973 5:27 Little Whirligig stopped & drain |
6230 |
06 Sep 1973 @ 1725 |
--- |
research-mab |
09/06/1973 5:25 Water from Little Whirligig starting to overflow basin , the water from little whirligig during this eruption contained much clay as noted earlier in the day. |
6114 |
06 Sep 1973 @ 1650 |
--- |
research-mab |
09/06/1973 Little Whirligig drained 4:50 |
6112 |
06 Sep 1973 @ 1000 |
--- |
research-mab |
{morning- no time entered}
09/06/1973 Little Whirligig – much clay being deposited in the basin which was not present last night. |
6098 |
05 Sep 1973 @ 1845 |
--- |
research-mab |
09/05/1973 P.B at 6:45 Little Whirligig stopped, |
6045 |
31 Jul 1973 @ 1800 |
--- |
research-mab |
07/31/1973 Little Whirligig appears to have erupted more grey clay. |
6037 |
15 Jul 1973 @ 1800 |
--- |
research-mab |
07/15/1973 Grey particles of clay (?) have been deposited in the runoff waters (channels) of Little Whirligig and Africa (and in the red basin of L. Whirligig) |
6032 |
08 Jul 1973 @ 1800 |
--- |
research-mab |
07/08/1973- high water from both L Whirligig & Africa {no times} |
6006 |
05 Jun 1973 @ 1235 |
--- |
research-mab |
06/05/1973 Little Whirligig 1235 ie (stopped 1235) |
6023 |
28 May 1973 @ 1350 |
28 May 1973 @ 1655 |
research-mab |
05/28/1973
Little Whirligig is drained & silent.
1:55 Red bubbler (1 yd W of boardwalk – between L. Whirligig and Pinwheel – same described as yesterday) is full, barely bubbling with slight runoff.
1:57 Robin nest not tended, (bird was on nest at 815am)
158 Red bubbler observations : draining.
200 slight rise and fall of water level with 1” variation, high level at 3”
205 water level drops 1” - varies now between 1”-2” in pool
208 ½ Little Whirligig starts active period of eruptions, red bubbler doesn’t bubble.
212 Red bubbler slowly spreads, now with slight overflow “& tinest of bubbles
214 bubbling increases → steady overflow
217 bubbling increases but not vigorous
220 bubbling increases more but with no splashing, just waving motions
225 bubbling decreases
226 bubbling increases
228 ½ bubbling decreases & stops → overflow stops
231 water level drained to pool rim
231 ½ water level drained to 1” from bottom and began rising & falling motion again
233 ½ water drained to bottom then rose & fell a coupld of times with 1” variation
235 water rises to pool rim
236 slight rising & falling but still at pool rim
237 rises above pool rim
240 water has slowly filled depression around pool to pt. Of overflow & overflow begins
241 slight bubbling begins
244 bubbling increases
248 ½ bubbling decreases & stops, overflow stops
249 ½ bubbling starts again; overflow continues
252 bubbling decreases
255 bubbling stops, overflow stops
256 water slowly drained to pool edge
257 water drained to top of rocks in bottom then rises & falls to height of 1” only
257 ½ drained completely
302 water level rose to 1/2” drained completely, rose to 1/2”, drained completely ← repeated several times
302 ½ water level rises to 1” –- alternates between 1” and 2”
306 water level rises to 2” –- alternates between 2” and 3”
307 water level rises to pool rim
311 filled to point of overflow
312 drained to pool rim level
314 drained to 1” from bottom
315 drained completely
317 starts rising to ½ “ water, then drains completely → alternates between 1/2” & no water
322 filled to rim of pool
Cow elk feeding just south of Crackling Lake
328 water level 1” above pool rim
329 water level dropped to pool rim
332 water dropped to 2” level
336 water filled to pool rim
338 filled to overflow & did ____ nothing else there mab
341 bubbling begins then stops
344 muddy spring – gas escapes – hardly any moisture in bottom of depression
429 Little Whirligig ceased activity & drained
Dimensions
Little red bubbler: 17” x 10” widest pt; 27”s diameter of circle at pt of runoff (high water level is 4”)
Muddy spring: high water line forms a circle of ~46” diameter, ~6” deep; low level water (recently) – pool 10” x 20”, 3” deep
Little Whirligig began a new active period at 4:55 Duration (2:09-4:29) = 2hrs20min; + inactive period of 26 mins, interval of 2hrs 46 min.
The point (of interest) of the little red bubbler observations was in part to see what pattern of activity it has & to puzzle if these could be any relationship to the activity of L. Whirligig. As the little bubbler filled & drained at least several times (sometimes without overflow) while L.Whirligig was playing, there seems no apparent relationship. While the little bubbler filled & drained in its sequences, no noticeable change was observed in the rather vigorous activity (bubbling) of the other red (small) pools located further out from the boardwalk.
Bear Den 1558 (24 bursts), 2024
4:55 Cow elk still feeding on grassy slope near Crackling Lake |
6022 |
27 May 1973 @ 1643 |
27 May 1973 @ 1710 |
research-mab |
05/27/1973
Observation : at about 4:43 Little Whirligig was drained the little muddy spring across the boardwalk toward the museum was about 2” down in water level, and the little red bubbler which is about 1 yd from the boardwalk (west side on way to Pinwheel) was drained; by 5:06 Little Whirligig started its active period of eruptions; 5:08- Little red bubbler drained again (red bubbler farther west showed no (obvious) changes; muddy spring level remained low, with several inches of muddy water. |
6000 |
14 May 1973 @ 1800 |
--- |
research-mab |
05/14/1973 Little Whirligig one rest period timed at 27 minutes.{no time} |
5999 |
13 May 1973 @ 1603 |
13 May 1973 @ 1631 |
research-mab |
05/13/1973 Rest period noted for Little Whirligig: 1603-1631 =28 min |
6463 |
13 Sep 1972 @ 1120 |
--- |
research-mab |
09/13/1972 Little Whirligig (stopped and drained at 11:20) |
6488 |
11 Sep 1972 @ 1200 |
--- |
research-mab |
09/11/1972
Bear Den, Dark Cavern, Africa. L. Whirligig, Blue, Fireball & Arsenic all have been observed in eruption this morning. {generic a.m. time} |
6429 |
19 Aug 1972 @ 1800 |
--- |
research-mab |
08/19/1972 Little Whirligig, arsenic, & Africa are still playing continuously. Ledge still has intermittent spray type minor play. |
6413 |
16 Aug 1972 @ 1800 |
--- |
research-mab |
08/16/1972
Little Whirligig – clay and yellowish deposits noted in the basin |
6399 |
15 Aug 1972 @ 1800 |
--- |
research-mab |
08/15/1972
Little Whirligig – still in apparent continuous play |
6395 |
14 Aug 1972 @ 1800 |
--- |
research-mab |
08/14/1972
L. Whirligig & Arsenic are still in continuous eruption. |
6388 |
12 Aug 1972 @ 1800 |
--- |
research-mab |
08/12/1972 Arsenic & Little Whirligig have not been observed to quit yet. |
6418 |
09 Aug 1972 @ 1600 |
--- |
research-mab |
08/09/1972 1600 Little Whirligig had drained & was having a siesta. {time a guess based on placement in log-mab} |
6349 |
16 Jul 1972 @ 1523 |
--- |
research-mab |
07/16/1972 Little Whirligig ended 3:23 |
6346 |
21 Jun 1972 @ 1710 |
21 Jun 1972 @ 1728 |
research-mab |
06/21/1972 Little Whirligig 18 min siesta 5:10-5:28 |
6344 |
20 Jun 1972 @ 0932 |
--- |
research-mab |
06/20/1972 Little Whirligig began a siesta at approximately 0932 |
6320 |
08 Jun 1972 @ 1548 |
--- |
research-mab |
06/08/1972
Africa, Bear Den, Ledge, L. Whirligig, Arsenic and Possibly Blue (crossed out “Iris”) were all erupting at the same time at 3:48 |
6315 |
28 May 1972 @ 1000 |
28 May 1972 @ 1700 |
research-mab |
05/28/1972 Seems to be “playing” for an hour or so and then “resting” for 15 to 30 min. |
6292 |
24 May 1972 @ 1800 |
--- |
research-mab |
05/24/1972 Little Whirligig not active about half of the time. |
6492 |
15 May 1972 @ 1800 |
--- |
research-mab |
05/15/1972 Little Whirligig – plays almost constantly but occasionally stops and drains, some writing in the deposits in the area. |
6305 |
14 May 1972 @ 1800 |
--- |
research-mab |
05/14/1972
The following geysers have been seen erupting since I arrived last night:
Ledge 6-10’, Iris 2-3’, Little Whirligig 15’, Basin 1’-2’, Fan 4’-5’, Bear Den, Feisty, Fireball 2-3’, Minute 1’-2’, Blue 7-15’, Africa 25-35’, Vixen 7’-15’, Dr Morey’s Porkchop 3’-5’, Echinus 10’-40’, Steamboat 5-20’ |
6572 |
11 Sep 1971 @ 1800 |
--- |
research-mab |
09/11/1971 Little Whirligig 178º (up 17º 7/31/71) no siesta seen past 3 days {temps taken 1430-1700} |